پاورپوینت سيستم‌هاي حسابداري

پاورپوینت سيستم‌هاي حسابداري (pptx) 67 اسلاید

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تعداد اسلاید: 67 اسلاید

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1 بسم اللّه الرحمن الرحيم عنوان : سيستم‌هاي حسابداري 3 Cultural Factors in Treatment Utilization Although overall rates of psychopathology do not differ greatly among ethnic groups in the United States, utilization of mental health services is far less for minority groups than it is for the majority White population (Wang et al., 2002). Even when minority group members seek out mental health services, they often fail to stay in treatment. As a result, many problems that could benefit from psychological treatment go untreated (Sue, 1998; Wang et at., 2002). The growing cultural diversity ,in North America and Europe has important implications for the practice o( psychotherapy, and researchers are trying to identify the barriers to psychological treatment 4 IN REVIEW Eysenck challenged the effectiveness of psychotherapy and stimulated the use of increasingly more sophisticated research methods to evaluate the outcomes of various therapies. The randomized clinical trial is the most powerful approach to researching the effects of therapy, and a number of standards have been established for conducting psychotherapy research. Meta-analysis is a method for combining the results of many studies into an effect size statistic. Meta-analyses of treatment outcome studies found more improvement in therapy clients than in 70 to 75 percent of control clients and little difference in effectiveness among various therapies (the so ca/led dodo bird verdict). The Consumer Reports study of client self-report suggested high levels of client satisfaction. 5 Three sets of interacting factors affect the outcome of treatment: client characteristics (including the nature of the problem), therapist characteristics, and therapy techniques. • Client variables that contribute to therapy success include openness, se/f-relatedness, and a good match between the nature of the problem and the kind of therapy being received. • A crucial factor in the success of various therapies is the quality of the relationship that the therapist establishes with the client. The three therapist characteristics suggested by Rogers empathy, unconditional positive regard, and genuineness are particularly important. Factors common to many therapies, such as faith in the therapist, a protected environment for se/f-exploration, and the ability to try out new behaviors, contribute to therapeutic outcome. 6 IN REVIEW Drugs have revolutionized the treatment of many behavior disorders and have permitted many hospitalized patients to function outside of institutions. Drugs and psychotherapy may be combined to hasten the relief of symptoms while establishing more effective coping responses to deal with the sources of the disorder. Effective drug treatments exist for anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, and mania. Some of these drugs have undesirable side effects and can be addictive. All of them affect neurotransmission with the brain, and they work on specific classes of neurotransmitters. Electroconvulsive therapy is used less frequently than in the past, and its safety has been increased. It is used primarily to treat severe depression, particularly when a strong threat of suicide exists. • Psychosurgery techniques have become more precise, but they are still generally used only after all other treatment options have failed. • Studies have shown similar alterations of brain functioning in successful treatment, whether tim treatment involves drug treatment or psychotherapy 7 IN REVEW • The introduction of drug therapies that normalize disturbed behavior as well as concerns about the deterioration of life skills during hospitalization, have helped stimulate a move toward deinstitutionalization -the treatment of people in their communities. • Research has shown that dein5titutionaliza- tion can work when adequate community -treatment is provided. Unfortunately, many communities have been unable to fund the needed facilities, resulting ii a “revolving door” of release and rehospitalization , as well as a new generation of homeless people who live on the streets and do not receive needed treatment 8 Managed care is requiring therapists to demonstrate the efficacy of their techniques and to develop shorter, more economical treatments. An issue of concern is that decisions about the type and duration of treatment are increasingly being taken out of the hands of trained professionals. • Prevention programs may be classified as either situation-focused or competency focused, depending on whether they are directed at changing environmental condition5 or personal factors. 9